O Optimal control and discrete spatiotemporal mathematical modeling for BCG immunotherapy treatment of superficial bladder cancer
Optimal control and discrete spatiotemporal mathematical modeling for BCG immunotherapy treatment of superficial bladder cancer
Abstract
In order to treat superficial bladder cancer with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy, this paper allow a discrete spatiotemporal mathematical model. The method integrates local biological interactions and geographic dispersion throughout bladder tissues to show the link between immune response, vaccination groups, and cancer cells. To create efficient treatment methods, we set up an optimum control problem in which an external dose of the BCG vaccine serves as a control variable. We apply the pontryagin maximal principle, extract the basic conditions for optimum and calculate optimal dosing schedules using the forward backward sweep approach. Numerical simulations show that the proposed control strategy reduces cancer cell density and enhances immune activation compared to uncontrolled scenarios, taking into account treatment costs. The results open the door to customized treatment planning for bladder cancer care and demonstrate the potential of discrete spatiotemporal models as decision-support tools for immunotherapy protocol optimization.
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