TRANSPORTE PLACENTÃRIO DE GASES - REVISÃO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4025/revcivet.v2i1.26130Palabras clave:
Feto, Gases, Oxigênio, Placenta, TransporteResumen
O transporte placentário é vital para o desenvolvimento embrionário e crescimento fetal. Diversas substâncias são trocadas pela placenta, como nutrientes e gases. O aporte de oxigênio é essencial para o desenvolvimento embrionário e crescimento fetal, assim como a troca do gás carbônico resultante do seu metabolismo oxidativo. O transporte de gases ocorre basicamente por difusão simples, porém diversas características como a pressão parcial de oxigênio, quantidade e afinidade da hemoglobina ao oxigênio e arranjo geométrico dos vasos sanguíneos maternos e fetais na área de troca garantem a troca adequada dos gases e definem sua eficiência. O fluxo sanguíneo é o fator mais importante na limitação do transporte de oxigênio. Fatores como a hipóxia materna crônica, hipertensão arterial crônica, pré-eclâmpsia, cigarro e poluição podem limitar o crescimento fetal e levar a um parto prematuro ou baixo peso ao nascer. Esta revisão visa descrever os mecanismos envolvidos no transporte placentário de gases assim como os efeitos observados na falha deste processo.Referencias
ALMEIDA J. M. Embriologia veterinária comparada. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1999. 176 p.
ATKINSON, D. E.; BOYD, R. D. H.; SIBLEY, C. P. Placental transfer. In: NEILL, J. D.; PLANT, T. M.; PFAFF, D. W.et al. (Ed.) Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction. 3 ed. London: Elsevier, p. 2787-2845, 2006.
BEAUSÉJOUR, A.; BIBEAU, K.; LAVOIE, J. C. et al. Placental Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia. Placenta, v. 28, p. 52-58, 2007.
BURROWS, T. D.; KING, A.; LOKE, Y. W. Trophoblast migration during human placental implantation. Human Reproduction Update, v. 2, p. 307-321, 1996.
BURSAUX, E.; FREMINET, A.; POYART, C. Effects of co, and diphosphoglycerate on foetal blood affinity for oxygen. Respiration Physiology, v. 20, p. 181-189, 1974.
BURTON, G. J.; WOODS, A. W.; JAUNIAUX, E.; KINGDOM, J. C. Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta, v. 30, p. 473-482, 2009.
BUSH, P. G.; MAYHEW, T. M.; ABRAMOVICH, D. R.; AGGETT, P. J.; BURKE, M. D.; PAGE, K. R. Quantitative study on the effects of maternal smoking on placental morphology and cadmium concentration. Placenta, v. 21, p. 247-256, 2000.
CAPELLINI, I.; VENDITTI, C.; BARTON, R. A. Placentation and Maternal Investment in Mammals. The American Naturalist, v. 177, p. 86-98, 2011.
CARTER A. M. Placental Oxygen Consumption. Part I: In Vivo Studies - A Review. Placenta, v. 21, p. 31-37, 2000.
CARTER, A. M. Evolution of factors affecting placental oxygen transfer. Placenta, v. 23, p. 19-25, 2009.
CARTER, A. M. Evolution of placental function in mammals: The molecular bases of gas and nutrient transfer, hormone secretion, and imunne responses. Physiological Reviews, v. 92, p. 1543-1576, 2012.
COSTA, A.; COSTANTINO, M. L.; FUMERO, R. Oxygen exchange mechanisms in the human placenta: mathematical modelling and simulation. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, v. 14, p. 385-389, 1992.
FABER, J. J.; THORNBURG, K. L. Placental physiology. Structure and function of fetomaternal exchange. Nova York: Raven Press, 1983. 192 p.
FISCHER, W. M.; THEWS, G.; VOGEL, H. R. The respiratory gas values of the fetal and maternal blood in Cartesian nomograms. Respiration Physiology, v. 1, p. 366-371, 1966.
GAHLENBECK, H.; FRERKING, H.; RATHSCHLAG-SCHAEFER, A. M. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange across the cow placenta during the second part of pregnancy. Respiration Physiology, v. 4, p. 119-131, 1968.
GEBB, J.; DAR, P. Colour Doppler ultrasound of spiral artery blood flow in the prediction of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, v. 25, p. 355-366, 2011.
GEROLD, L.; KENNETH, E. C.; UWE, L. Umbilical blood flow during pregnancy: evidence for decreasing placental perfusion. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 196, 2007.
GROOME, L. J. A theoretical analysis of the effect of placental metabolism on fetal oxygenation under conditions of limited oxygen availability. Biosystems, v. 26, p. 45-56, 1991.
GURTNER, G. H.; BURNS, B. The role of cytochrome P-450 of placenta in facilitated oxygen diffusion. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, v. 1, p. 368-373, 1973.
HORTA, B. L.; VICTORA, C. G.; MENEZES, A. M.; HALPERN, R.; BARROS, F. C. Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, v. 11, p. 140-151, 1997.
JADDOE, V. W. V.; BERO, O. V.; RIDDER, M. A. J.; HOFMAN, A.; MACKENBACH, J. P.; MOLL, H. A.; STEEGERS, E. A.; WITTEMAN, J. C. M. Maternal Smoking and Fetal Growth Characteristics in Different Periods of Pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology, v. 165, p. 1207-1215, 2007.
JENSEN, A.; GARNIER, Y.; BERGER, R. Dynamics of fetal circulatory responses to hypoxia and asphyxia. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, v. 84, p. 155-172, 1999.
JENSEN, G. M.; MOORE, L. G. The effect of high altitude and other risk factors on birthweight: independent or interactive effects? American Journal of Public Health, v. 87, p. 1003-1007, 1997.
JULIAN, C. G.; VARGAS, E.; ARMAZA, J. F.; WILSON, M. J.; NIERMEYER, S.; MORRE, L. G. Highâ€altitude ancestry protects against hypoxiaâ€associated reductions in fetal growth. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, v. 92, p. 372-377, 2007.
JULIAN, C. G. High altitude during pregnancy. Clinics In Chest Medicine, v. 32, p. 21-31, 2011.
KIM, Y. M.; BUJOLD, E.; CHAIWORAPONGSA, T.; GOMEZ, R.; YOON, B. H.; THALER, H. T.; ROTMENSCH, S.; ROMERO, R. Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 189, p. 1063-1069, 2003.
KIRSCHBAUM, T. H.; SHAPIRO, N. Z. A Mathematical model of placental oxygen transfer. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 25, p. 380-402, 1969.
LEISER, R.; KALFMANN, P. Placental structure: In a comparative aspect. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, v. 102, p. 122-134, 1994.
MAISONET, M.; CORREA, A.; MISRA, D.; JAAKKOLA, J. J. A review of the literature on the effects of ambient air pollution on fetal growth. Environmental Research, v. 95, p. 106-115, 2004.
MESCHIA, G. Fetal Oxygenation and Maternal Ventilation. Clinics In Chest Medicine, v. 32, p. 15-19, 2011.
MOORE, L. K.; PERSAUD, T. V. N. Embriologia Básica, 7ª. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2008. 365 p.
PALMER, S. K.; MOORE, L. G.; YOUNG, D. et al. Altered blood pressure course during normal pregnancy and increased preeclampsia at high altitude (3100 meters) in Colorado. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 180, p. 1161-1168, 1999.
RAGONESI, S. M. A.; BERTINI, A. M.; CAMANO, L. Crescimento intra-uterino retardado: aspectos atuais. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, v. 43, p. 173-178, 1997.
RICHARDSON, B. S.; BOCKING, A. D. Metabolic and Circulatory Adaptations to Chronic Hypoxia in the Fetus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 119A: 717-723, 1998.
SOUSA, F. L. P.; SASS, N.; CAMANO, L.; STÃVALE, J. N.; MESQUITA, M. R. S.; SOUZA, E. V.; OLIVEIRA, F. R.; ISHIGAI, M. M. S. Estudo da morfologia vascular do leito placentário na hipertensão arterial crônica. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, v. 54, p. 537-542, 2008.
VEJSTED, M. Comparative placentation. In: HYTTEL, P.; SINOWATZ, F.; VEJLSTED, M. Essentials of domestic animal embryology. New York: Elsevier, p. 455, 2010.
VIANA, L. C.; MARTINS, M. M. F.; GEBER, S. Ginecologia. 2 ed., Rio de Janeiro: Medsi, 2001. 912 p.
WILKENING, R. B.; MESCHIA, G. Current topic: Comparative physiology of placental oxygen transport. Placenta, v. 13, p. 1-15, 1992.
WOODING, F. B. P.; BURTON G. Comparative Placentation: Structures, Functions, and Evolution. Berlin: Springer, 2008. 301 p.
ZAMUDIO, S. The placenta at high altitude. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, v. 4, p. 171-191, 2003.
ATKINSON, D. E.; BOYD, R. D. H.; SIBLEY, C. P. Placental transfer. In: NEILL, J. D.; PLANT, T. M.; PFAFF, D. W.et al. (Ed.) Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction. 3 ed. London: Elsevier, p. 2787-2845, 2006.
BEAUSÉJOUR, A.; BIBEAU, K.; LAVOIE, J. C. et al. Placental Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia. Placenta, v. 28, p. 52-58, 2007.
BURROWS, T. D.; KING, A.; LOKE, Y. W. Trophoblast migration during human placental implantation. Human Reproduction Update, v. 2, p. 307-321, 1996.
BURSAUX, E.; FREMINET, A.; POYART, C. Effects of co, and diphosphoglycerate on foetal blood affinity for oxygen. Respiration Physiology, v. 20, p. 181-189, 1974.
BURTON, G. J.; WOODS, A. W.; JAUNIAUX, E.; KINGDOM, J. C. Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta, v. 30, p. 473-482, 2009.
BUSH, P. G.; MAYHEW, T. M.; ABRAMOVICH, D. R.; AGGETT, P. J.; BURKE, M. D.; PAGE, K. R. Quantitative study on the effects of maternal smoking on placental morphology and cadmium concentration. Placenta, v. 21, p. 247-256, 2000.
CAPELLINI, I.; VENDITTI, C.; BARTON, R. A. Placentation and Maternal Investment in Mammals. The American Naturalist, v. 177, p. 86-98, 2011.
CARTER A. M. Placental Oxygen Consumption. Part I: In Vivo Studies - A Review. Placenta, v. 21, p. 31-37, 2000.
CARTER, A. M. Evolution of factors affecting placental oxygen transfer. Placenta, v. 23, p. 19-25, 2009.
CARTER, A. M. Evolution of placental function in mammals: The molecular bases of gas and nutrient transfer, hormone secretion, and imunne responses. Physiological Reviews, v. 92, p. 1543-1576, 2012.
COSTA, A.; COSTANTINO, M. L.; FUMERO, R. Oxygen exchange mechanisms in the human placenta: mathematical modelling and simulation. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, v. 14, p. 385-389, 1992.
FABER, J. J.; THORNBURG, K. L. Placental physiology. Structure and function of fetomaternal exchange. Nova York: Raven Press, 1983. 192 p.
FISCHER, W. M.; THEWS, G.; VOGEL, H. R. The respiratory gas values of the fetal and maternal blood in Cartesian nomograms. Respiration Physiology, v. 1, p. 366-371, 1966.
GAHLENBECK, H.; FRERKING, H.; RATHSCHLAG-SCHAEFER, A. M. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange across the cow placenta during the second part of pregnancy. Respiration Physiology, v. 4, p. 119-131, 1968.
GEBB, J.; DAR, P. Colour Doppler ultrasound of spiral artery blood flow in the prediction of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, v. 25, p. 355-366, 2011.
GEROLD, L.; KENNETH, E. C.; UWE, L. Umbilical blood flow during pregnancy: evidence for decreasing placental perfusion. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 196, 2007.
GROOME, L. J. A theoretical analysis of the effect of placental metabolism on fetal oxygenation under conditions of limited oxygen availability. Biosystems, v. 26, p. 45-56, 1991.
GURTNER, G. H.; BURNS, B. The role of cytochrome P-450 of placenta in facilitated oxygen diffusion. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, v. 1, p. 368-373, 1973.
HORTA, B. L.; VICTORA, C. G.; MENEZES, A. M.; HALPERN, R.; BARROS, F. C. Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, v. 11, p. 140-151, 1997.
JADDOE, V. W. V.; BERO, O. V.; RIDDER, M. A. J.; HOFMAN, A.; MACKENBACH, J. P.; MOLL, H. A.; STEEGERS, E. A.; WITTEMAN, J. C. M. Maternal Smoking and Fetal Growth Characteristics in Different Periods of Pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology, v. 165, p. 1207-1215, 2007.
JENSEN, A.; GARNIER, Y.; BERGER, R. Dynamics of fetal circulatory responses to hypoxia and asphyxia. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, v. 84, p. 155-172, 1999.
JENSEN, G. M.; MOORE, L. G. The effect of high altitude and other risk factors on birthweight: independent or interactive effects? American Journal of Public Health, v. 87, p. 1003-1007, 1997.
JULIAN, C. G.; VARGAS, E.; ARMAZA, J. F.; WILSON, M. J.; NIERMEYER, S.; MORRE, L. G. Highâ€altitude ancestry protects against hypoxiaâ€associated reductions in fetal growth. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, v. 92, p. 372-377, 2007.
JULIAN, C. G. High altitude during pregnancy. Clinics In Chest Medicine, v. 32, p. 21-31, 2011.
KIM, Y. M.; BUJOLD, E.; CHAIWORAPONGSA, T.; GOMEZ, R.; YOON, B. H.; THALER, H. T.; ROTMENSCH, S.; ROMERO, R. Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 189, p. 1063-1069, 2003.
KIRSCHBAUM, T. H.; SHAPIRO, N. Z. A Mathematical model of placental oxygen transfer. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 25, p. 380-402, 1969.
LEISER, R.; KALFMANN, P. Placental structure: In a comparative aspect. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, v. 102, p. 122-134, 1994.
MAISONET, M.; CORREA, A.; MISRA, D.; JAAKKOLA, J. J. A review of the literature on the effects of ambient air pollution on fetal growth. Environmental Research, v. 95, p. 106-115, 2004.
MESCHIA, G. Fetal Oxygenation and Maternal Ventilation. Clinics In Chest Medicine, v. 32, p. 15-19, 2011.
MOORE, L. K.; PERSAUD, T. V. N. Embriologia Básica, 7ª. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2008. 365 p.
PALMER, S. K.; MOORE, L. G.; YOUNG, D. et al. Altered blood pressure course during normal pregnancy and increased preeclampsia at high altitude (3100 meters) in Colorado. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, v. 180, p. 1161-1168, 1999.
RAGONESI, S. M. A.; BERTINI, A. M.; CAMANO, L. Crescimento intra-uterino retardado: aspectos atuais. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, v. 43, p. 173-178, 1997.
RICHARDSON, B. S.; BOCKING, A. D. Metabolic and Circulatory Adaptations to Chronic Hypoxia in the Fetus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 119A: 717-723, 1998.
SOUSA, F. L. P.; SASS, N.; CAMANO, L.; STÃVALE, J. N.; MESQUITA, M. R. S.; SOUZA, E. V.; OLIVEIRA, F. R.; ISHIGAI, M. M. S. Estudo da morfologia vascular do leito placentário na hipertensão arterial crônica. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, v. 54, p. 537-542, 2008.
VEJSTED, M. Comparative placentation. In: HYTTEL, P.; SINOWATZ, F.; VEJLSTED, M. Essentials of domestic animal embryology. New York: Elsevier, p. 455, 2010.
VIANA, L. C.; MARTINS, M. M. F.; GEBER, S. Ginecologia. 2 ed., Rio de Janeiro: Medsi, 2001. 912 p.
WILKENING, R. B.; MESCHIA, G. Current topic: Comparative physiology of placental oxygen transport. Placenta, v. 13, p. 1-15, 1992.
WOODING, F. B. P.; BURTON G. Comparative Placentation: Structures, Functions, and Evolution. Berlin: Springer, 2008. 301 p.
ZAMUDIO, S. The placenta at high altitude. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, v. 4, p. 171-191, 2003.
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2015-06-30
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Artigo de revisão (Ã convite do corpo editorial)
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Declaro que o presente artigo é original, não tendo sido submetido à publicação em qualquer outro periódico nacional ou internacional, quer seja em parte ou em sua totalidade. Declaro, ainda, que uma vez publicado na revista Arquivo de Medicina veterinária e Saúde Pública da UEM, editada pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá, o mesmo jamais será submetido por mim ou por qualquer um dos demais co-autores a qualquer outro periódico. Através deste instrumento, em meu nome e em nome dos demais co-autores, porventura existentes, cedo os direitos autorais do referido artigo à Universidade Estadual de Maringá e declaro estar ciente de que a não observância deste compromisso submeterá o infrator a sanções e penas previstas na Lei de Proteção de Direitos Autorias (Nº9609, de 19/02/98).Cómo citar
TRANSPORTE PLACENTÃRIO DE GASES - REVISÃO. (2015). Revista De Ciência Veterinária E Saúde Pública, 2(1), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.4025/revcivet.v2i1.26130
